The Troubles of Poland and Birth of Rus
Dec. 28th, 2008 12:35 amIn 1460, Poland and Lithuania joined together in one great union which threatened to sweep aside the Tatar order in the east and rival the Empire in the west. Meanwhile the Duke of Muscowy, Vasily II, was crushing the other Russian princes on his drive to liberate his people from the Tatar terror. Unfortunately for the Poles, their nation soon erupted into the chaos of a civil war.
After incorporating Novgorod into his state, Vasily fought against the Khan of Kazan, crushing the steppe cavalry and touching off a civil war which birthed the Qasim Khanate. At this time civil unrest in Poland was growing and numerous Polish territories defected wholesale to Muscowy. Sensing the weakness on his western border, the newly crowned Andrei IV declared war on Poland. It was a brief affair in which Poland was forced to cede the region around Smolensk to Muscowy.
The humiliating defeat intensified Poland's woes, with Anti-Judaist forces rising up in old Lithuania, Prussian rebels in the former Teuton lands, and peasants throughout the south and east. The King's forces were stretched thin, and they soon were beginning to turn the tide, until the Polish crown came to the assistance of the Livonian Sword Brothers in their defense of the merchants of Pskov, the last remaining independent Russian principality.
Muscovite forces moved into Estonia, Pskov, and Poland, sweeping all resistance before them. This war was long and brutal, dragging on through the 1470s into 1481. Pskov was annexed in the first year, and gave the Muscovite duke the last prestige he needed to declare himself by the grace of God, Tsar, and his realm Rus. Polish fortifications held out for years, but the Russian invaders held on by tooth and nail until the defenders inevitably collapsed.
Crimea tried to take advantage of the situation, invading Moldavia and then southern Poland, but the forces of the pretender king in Poland crushed the invaders, driving them back into Crimea. Weakened thus, the Russian armies soon chased the rebel army out of the Ukraine.
Things in the north were just as bad for the Brotherhood of the Sword. The battle of Wenden, pitting eleven thousand (ten thousand infantry and one thousand knights) of the Brotherhood's men against the six thousand men of the Russian Tsar Guard was an unmitigated disaster for Livonia. Their entire force was routed, the knights captured, and the peasants vanished into the fields. With no army and little money the Livonians raised a few more regiments of infantry over the next several years, but they were hunted down and wiped out before they could consolidate.
In the end, Poland was forced by treaty to cede a large swath of territory to Russia, liberate a rump Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and release the Teutonic Knights from vassaldom. The disastrous treaty tipped the country past the breaking point, letting the pretender seize the throne while the local princes in Polotsk and the Polish Ukraine claimed independence for themselves. The Livonian Sword Brothers were forced to swear fealty to Russia, drawing the ire of the Holy Roman Emperor upon the newly formed Russian state, as well as cede the region of Novgorod that Livonia seized while Muscowy and Novgorod warred with each other.
Russia found itself in the enviable position of being surrounded by weak nations. Its western frontier was either shattered from the last war or in the case of Sweden embroiled in a civil war. Its eastern frontier was governed by the increasingly fragmented and fratricidal Tatar and Mongol Khans.

The striped area bounded by white is the former extent of the Polish state, circa 1460, which was lost to rebellions and war.
After incorporating Novgorod into his state, Vasily fought against the Khan of Kazan, crushing the steppe cavalry and touching off a civil war which birthed the Qasim Khanate. At this time civil unrest in Poland was growing and numerous Polish territories defected wholesale to Muscowy. Sensing the weakness on his western border, the newly crowned Andrei IV declared war on Poland. It was a brief affair in which Poland was forced to cede the region around Smolensk to Muscowy.
The humiliating defeat intensified Poland's woes, with Anti-Judaist forces rising up in old Lithuania, Prussian rebels in the former Teuton lands, and peasants throughout the south and east. The King's forces were stretched thin, and they soon were beginning to turn the tide, until the Polish crown came to the assistance of the Livonian Sword Brothers in their defense of the merchants of Pskov, the last remaining independent Russian principality.
Muscovite forces moved into Estonia, Pskov, and Poland, sweeping all resistance before them. This war was long and brutal, dragging on through the 1470s into 1481. Pskov was annexed in the first year, and gave the Muscovite duke the last prestige he needed to declare himself by the grace of God, Tsar, and his realm Rus. Polish fortifications held out for years, but the Russian invaders held on by tooth and nail until the defenders inevitably collapsed.
Crimea tried to take advantage of the situation, invading Moldavia and then southern Poland, but the forces of the pretender king in Poland crushed the invaders, driving them back into Crimea. Weakened thus, the Russian armies soon chased the rebel army out of the Ukraine.
Things in the north were just as bad for the Brotherhood of the Sword. The battle of Wenden, pitting eleven thousand (ten thousand infantry and one thousand knights) of the Brotherhood's men against the six thousand men of the Russian Tsar Guard was an unmitigated disaster for Livonia. Their entire force was routed, the knights captured, and the peasants vanished into the fields. With no army and little money the Livonians raised a few more regiments of infantry over the next several years, but they were hunted down and wiped out before they could consolidate.
In the end, Poland was forced by treaty to cede a large swath of territory to Russia, liberate a rump Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and release the Teutonic Knights from vassaldom. The disastrous treaty tipped the country past the breaking point, letting the pretender seize the throne while the local princes in Polotsk and the Polish Ukraine claimed independence for themselves. The Livonian Sword Brothers were forced to swear fealty to Russia, drawing the ire of the Holy Roman Emperor upon the newly formed Russian state, as well as cede the region of Novgorod that Livonia seized while Muscowy and Novgorod warred with each other.
Russia found itself in the enviable position of being surrounded by weak nations. Its western frontier was either shattered from the last war or in the case of Sweden embroiled in a civil war. Its eastern frontier was governed by the increasingly fragmented and fratricidal Tatar and Mongol Khans.

The striped area bounded by white is the former extent of the Polish state, circa 1460, which was lost to rebellions and war.